Introduction
Male infertility is a multifactorial medical condition that contributes significantly to global infertility rates. It is clinically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after at least twelve months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Male-related factors account for approximately 40–50 percent of infertility cases, underscoring the central role of andrology in reproductive medicine.
Beyond reproductive implications, male infertility may reflect underlying genetic, hormonal, or systemic disorders that require medical attention.
Etiology of Male Infertility
Male infertility can result from disorders affecting sperm production, maturation, motility, morphology, or transport. Common etiological factors include oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, erotic sense, hormonal imbalances, varicocele, reproductive tract obstruction, infections, and genetic abnormalities.
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol intake, obesity, chronic stress, environmental toxin exposure, and inadequate nutrition further impair spermatogenesis and sperm function.
Andrological Diagnostic Approach
A comprehensive andrological evaluation involves detailed medical and reproductive history, physical examination, semen analysis, hormonal profiling, scrotal ultrasound, and genetic testing when indicated. This systematic approach enables clinicians to identify reversible causes and tailor individualized treatment strategies.
Conclusion
Male infertility is often manageable with appropriate andrological intervention. Early diagnosis, evidence-based treatment, and lifestyle modification significantly improve reproductive outcomes and reduce psychological burden.