Introduction Aging is associated with progressive physiological changes that affect male reproductive, hormonal, and urinary systems. Andrology plays a vital role in managing age-related conditions such as testosterone decline, prostate enlargement, and reduced fertility. Preventive andrological care supports healthy aging and functional independe

Introduction Male sexual dysfunction is a prevalent health issue with significant physical, psychological, and relational consequences. Conditions such as erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, and reduced libido affect men across all age groups. Andrology approaches sexual dysfunction as a multifactorial medical conditi

Introduction Testosterone is the principal male androgen responsible for sexual development, spermatogenesis, libido, muscle mass, bone density, metabolic regulation, and psychological stability. Andrology places significant emphasis on the diagnosis and management of androgen disorders, as hormonal balance is essential for both reproductive and g

Introduction Male infertility is a multifactorial medical condition that contributes significantly to global infertility rates. It is clinically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after at least twelve months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Male-related factors account for approximately 40–50 percent of infertility cases, u

Introduction Andrology is a specialized medical discipline devoted to the study of male reproductive health, sexual function, and disorders of the male endocrine system. As the male counterpart to gynecology, andrology addresses conditions that uniquely or predominantly affect men, including infertility, hormonal imbalance, sexual dysfunction, and